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AS680

DFN

Verein zur Foerderung eines Deutschen Forschungsnetzes e.V.

Registry

Authoritative registration data

AS number
680
Name
DFN
Organisation
Verein zur Foerderung eines Deutschen Forschungsnetzes e.V.
Country
RIR
RIPE
Registered
Source:asn:rdap retrieved

IPv4 prefixes

295

IPv6 prefixes

24

Total announced

319

Announced prefixes

Observed in BGP by route collectors, not a registry allocation list

Prefixes announced by AS680
134.106.0.0/15 IPv4 /15 not checked
141.44.0.0/15 IPv4 /15 not checked
193.174.0.0/15 IPv4 /15 not checked
194.94.0.0/15 IPv4 /15 not checked
128.176.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
128.7.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
129.217.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
129.247.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
129.26.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
129.70.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
130.133.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
130.149.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
130.183.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
130.73.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
130.75.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
131.173.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
131.188.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
131.220.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
131.234.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
132.176.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
132.180.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
132.187.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
132.195.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
132.199.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
132.231.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
132.252.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.1.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.100.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.102.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.104.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.106.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.109.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.110.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.169.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.176.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.245.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.28.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.30.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.91.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.94.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.96.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
134.99.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
136.172.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
137.193.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
137.248.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
137.250.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
139.11.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
139.13.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
139.17.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
139.174.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
139.18.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
139.19.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
139.20.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
139.30.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
139.6.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
139.75.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.13.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.14.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.20.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.22.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.23.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.24.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.25.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.27.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.30.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.32.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.33.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.35.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.39.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.4.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.41.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.42.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.43.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.44.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.45.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.46.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.48.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.5.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.50.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.51.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.53.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.54.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.55.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.56.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.57.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.60.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.61.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.63.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.64.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.65.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.67.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.71.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.74.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.75.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.76.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.82.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.83.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.89.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.9.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
141.99.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
146.107.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
147.172.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
149.203.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
149.205.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
149.217.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
149.220.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
149.222.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
153.96.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
153.97.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
160.45.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
188.1.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
195.37.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
212.201.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
87.77.0.0/16 IPv4 /16 not checked
129.233.128.0/18 IPv4 /18 not checked
141.78.0.0/18 IPv4 /18 not checked
141.78.192.0/18 IPv4 /18 not checked
136.156.96.0/19 IPv4 /19 not checked
141.78.64.0/19 IPv4 /19 not checked
212.44.192.0/19 IPv4 /19 not checked
129.233.224.0/20 IPv4 /20 not checked
141.78.112.0/20 IPv4 /20 not checked
192.26.176.0/20 IPv4 /20 not checked
193.16.112.0/20 IPv4 /20 not checked
193.22.32.0/20 IPv4 /20 not checked
193.22.64.0/20 IPv4 /20 not checked
193.25.16.0/20 IPv4 /20 not checked
193.25.32.0/20 IPv4 /20 not checked
128.140.208.0/21 IPv4 /21 not checked
139.191.184.0/21 IPv4 /21 not checked
141.78.104.0/21 IPv4 /21 not checked
192.166.56.0/21 IPv4 /21 not checked
193.149.8.0/21 IPv4 /21 not checked
193.24.80.0/21 IPv4 /21 not checked
84.246.64.0/21 IPv4 /21 not checked
141.78.96.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
185.111.60.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
185.149.212.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
185.151.152.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
185.229.244.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
185.58.36.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
192.124.240.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
192.35.68.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
192.44.84.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
193.16.4.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
193.17.232.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
193.17.236.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
193.23.168.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
194.39.180.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
194.76.232.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
45.12.192.0/22 IPv4 /22 not checked
192.102.150.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.102.152.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.102.158.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.102.162.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.102.176.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.108.24.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.108.52.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.129.10.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.129.12.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.129.16.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.129.26.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.129.28.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.26.174.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.26.192.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.35.66.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.44.20.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.44.30.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.44.82.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.44.88.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.54.34.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
192.76.246.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
193.17.240.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
193.22.112.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
193.22.114.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
193.22.48.0/23 IPv4 /23 not checked
129.233.202.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
129.233.210.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
134.99.235.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
188.1.101.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.102.156.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.102.160.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.102.161.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.102.164.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.102.167.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.102.168.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.102.169.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.102.170.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.102.172.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.102.174.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.102.175.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.23.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.26.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.30.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.32.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.33.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.34.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.48.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.51.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.54.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.67.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.69.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.70.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.108.71.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.101.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.115.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.116.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.13.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.134.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.135.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.175.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.177.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.19.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.202.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.234.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.27.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.44.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.109.48.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.12.81.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.124.237.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.124.239.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.124.243.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.124.245.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.124.246.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.124.248.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.124.250.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.124.251.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.124.253.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.124.254.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.129.14.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.129.18.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.129.2.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.129.23.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.129.31.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.129.51.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.129.7.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.129.8.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.160.142.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.35.149.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.35.150.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.35.151.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.35.152.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.35.153.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.35.63.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.35.64.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.44.12.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.44.15.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.44.18.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.44.23.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
192.44.25.0/24 IPv4 /24 not checked
2001:4cf0::/29 IPv6 /29 not checked
2a00:5ba0::/29 IPv6 /29 not checked
2a04:dfc0::/29 IPv6 /29 not checked
2a0e:bb00::/29 IPv6 /29 not checked
2a12:c940::/29 IPv6 /29 not checked
2a12:e140::/29 IPv6 /29 not checked
2a13:dd80::/29 IPv6 /29 not checked
2a14:8d80::/29 IPv6 /29 not checked
2a02:c6a0::/30 IPv6 /30 not checked
2001:638::/32 IPv6 /32 not checked
2a02:d480::/32 IPv6 /32 not checked
2a03:db80::/32 IPv6 /32 not checked
2a0a:6200::/32 IPv6 /32 not checked
2001:67c:2414::/48 IPv6 /48 not checked
2a02:11f8:100::/48 IPv6 /48 not checked
2a02:11f8:101::/48 IPv6 /48 not checked
2a02:11f8:102::/48 IPv6 /48 not checked
2a02:11f8:60::/48 IPv6 /48 not checked
2a02:11f8:61::/48 IPv6 /48 not checked
2a02:11f8:62::/48 IPv6 /48 not checked
2a02:11f8:63::/48 IPv6 /48 not checked
2a02:11f8:64::/48 IPv6 /48 not checked
2a02:11f8:65::/48 IPv6 /48 not checked
2a02:11f8:81::/48 IPv6 /48 not checked

No rows match “”.

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Source:ripestat:announced-prefixes observed

274 of 319 announced prefixes, least specific first.

Internet Exchanges

Exchanges where this network has a listed peering LAN connection

Internet Exchange memberships listed for AS680
Address families
BCIX: BCIX Peering LAN 400,000 Mbps IPv4 · IPv6
DE-CIX Frankfurt: DE-CIX Frankfurt Peering LAN 200,000 Mbps IPv4 · IPv6
DE-CIX Hamburg: DE-CIX Hamburg Peering LAN 10,000 Mbps IPv4 · IPv6
MegaIX Dusseldorf 100,000 Mbps IPv4 · IPv6

No rows match “”.

Showing of

Source:peeringdb retrieved

Exchange membership means the network has a listed connection; it does not prove peering with other members.

Observed adjacencies

Networks seen next to AS680 in BGP paths by route collectors.

Source:ripestat:asn-neighbours observed

Observed upstreams

40 networks seen before AS680 in AS paths

Observed upstreams
Families
AS2914 NTT-DATA-2914 41,447 423,620
v4 v6
AS3356 LEVEL3 29,482 272,575
v4 v6
AS1299 TWELVE99 12,578 143,021
v4 v6
AS6939 HURRICANE 20,726 137,017
v4 v6
AS6461 ZAYO-6461 14,911 123,003
v4 v6
AS9002 RETN-AS 11,380 88,631
v4 v6
AS20965 GEANT 7,264 26,823
v4 v6
AS7195 7195 5,026 21,382
v4 v6
AS33891 CORE-BACKBONE 1,879 14,521
v4 v6
AS3216 SOVAM-AS 1,847 11,030
v4
AS5405 987 6,303
v4 v6
AS24482 SGGS-AS-AP 182 5,763
v4 v6
AS8220 COLT 1,119 5,541
v4 v6
AS8218 NEO-ASN 247 4,697
v4 v6
AS13030 INIT7 361 4,576
v4 v6
AS8359 706 4,431
v4 v6
AS9009 M247 111 3,364
v4 v6
AS3320 DTAG 73 3,255
v4 v6
AS34019 HIVANE 126 2,707
v4 v6
AS25091 IP-Max 190 2,593
v4 v6
AS47147 AS-ANX 127 2,540
v4 v6
AS8455 288 2,461
v4 v6
AS34549 MEER-AS 179 2,234
v4 v6
AS20562 OPEN-PEERING-AS 317 2,076
v4 v6
AS8758 IWAY 89 1,725
v4 v6
AS4455 134 1,653
v4 v6
AS3214 XTOM 76 1,581
v4 v6
AS24961 269 1,560
v4 v6
AS41327 FIBERTELECOM-AS 201 1,548
v4 v6
AS3303 SWISSCOM 252 1,389
v4 v6
AS6910 415 1,294
v4 v6
AS42708 113 1,140
v4 v6
AS29075 184 1,105
v4 v6
AS39351 ESAB-AS 109 1,073
v4 v6
AS8966 Etisalat-AS 70 1,016
v4 v6
AS58299 OPENFACTORY-AS 105 841
v4 v6
AS29208 120 742
v4 v6
AS8708 1 295
v4
AS9044 21 156
v4 v6
AS29169 GANDI-AS 6 20
v4 v6

No rows match “”.

Showing of

Observed downstreams

31 networks seen after AS680 in AS paths

Observed downstreams
Families
AS200943 367 7,433
v4 v6
AS47610 361 5,412
v4 v6
AS12816 734 4,402
v4 v6
AS5501 724 4,066
v4 v6
AS49234 232 2,638
v4
AS5520 375 2,369
v4 v6
AS199578 290 1,486
v4 v6
AS60824 262 1,409
v4 v6
AS43066 455 1,390
v4 v6
AS56357 357 1,354
v4 v6
AS1754 266 1,352
v4
AS34878 189 1,117
v4 v6
AS553 26 1,084
v4 v6
AS31705 263 801
v4
AS29484 159 724
v4 v6
AS205046 FZI-AS-1 212 711
v4 v6
AS2117 263 678
v4
AS210482 345 612
v4 v6
AS41289 289 585
v4 v6
AS34520 322 579
v4 v6
AS207592 67 359
v4 v6
AS20588 264 339
v4
AS8519 263 338
v4
AS207611 261 337
v4
AS41969 73 221
v4
AS6733 37 116
v4
AS13040 69 102
v4
AS20633 67 87
v4 v6
AS12643 14 87
v4 v6
AS209499 GSI 47 59
v4
AS12654 5 8
v4 v6

No rows match “”.

Showing of

Uncertain adjacencies

100 adjacencies that may be an artefact of collector peering

Uncertain adjacencies
Families
AS4134 451 24,481
v4 v6
AS4837 CHINA169-Backbone 176 15,962
v4 v6
AS13335 CLOUDFLARENET 1,014 8,275
v4 v6
AS32787 PROLEXIC-TECHNOLOGIES-DDOS-MITIGATION-NETWORK 723 6,506
v4 v6
AS16509 AMAZON-02 64 5,721
v4 v6
AS15169 GOOGLE 24 5,284
v4 v6
AS1828 UNITAS 296 1,807
v4 v6
AS12779 ITGATE 25 1,752
v4 v6
AS714 APPLE-ENGINEERING 2 1,726
v4 v6
AS8075 MICROSOFT-CORP-MSN-AS-BLOCK 8 1,445
v4 v6
AS702 UUNET 199 1,420
v4 v6
AS12552 250 1,336
v4 v6
AS12741 457 1,295
v4 v6
AS5400 189 1,294
v4 v6
AS31027 GlobalConnect-AS31027 276 1,255
v4 v6
AS8881 173 1,196
v4 v6
AS35710 WEBERCLOUD 38 1,186
v4 v6
AS16276 OVH 223 1,092
v4 v6
AS12322 4 1,086
v4 v6
AS16265 6 1,034
v4 v6
AS15830 Equinix 230 972
v4 v6
AS31027 GlobalConnect-AS31027 33 944
v4 v6
AS31500 212 904
v4
AS49544 i3Dnet 25 871
v4 v6
AS12874 FASTWEB 230 847
v4
AS8447 227 833
v4 v6
AS34309 78 806
v4 v6
AS20804 ASN-TELENERGO 289 761
v4 v6
AS13237 LAMBDANET-AS 206 741
v4 v6
AS19551 INCAPSULA 39 731
v4 v6
AS20473 229 727
v4 v6
AS60051 20 686
v4
AS24724 197 662
v4 v6
AS3292 TDC 119 660
v4 v6
AS6774 129 646
v4 v6
AS58212 89 631
v4 v6
AS213151 40 621
v4 v6
AS3209 VODANET 89 587
v4 v6
AS8560 14 556
v4 v6
AS36351 14 519
v4 v6
AS64475 34 481
v4 v6
AS559 36 478
v4 v6
AS47447 16 475
v4 v6
AS1828 UNITAS 33 464
v4 v6
AS50629 LWLCOM 30 458
v4 v6
AS25220 GLOBALNOC-AS 29 456
v4 v6
AS29140 29 456
v4 v6
AS8426 CLARANET-AS 31 452
v4 v6
AS20676 PLUSNET 8 449
v4 v6
AS205112 PHILUNET 30 448
v4 v6
AS50384 W-IX_LTD 161 445
v4 v6
AS34288 26 441
v4 v6
AS199524 GCORE 25 438
v4 v6
AS199938 NETZWERGE 25 438
v4 v6
AS58057 SECUREBIT 25 436
v4 v6
AS34224 NETERRA-AS 96 420
v4 v6
AS10310 49 417
v4 v6
AS2119 80 404
v4 v6
AS13237 LAMBDANET-AS 23 386
v4
AS8657 75 372
v4 v6
AS50629 LWLCOM 84 344
v4 v6
AS12779 ITGATE 60 335
v4 v6
AS14061 4 296
v4 v6
AS199524 GCORE 51 292
v4 v6
AS20940 AKAMAI-ASN1 10 282
v4 v6
AS49544 i3Dnet 32 280
v4 v6
AS2603 NORDUNET 67 271
v4 v6
AS49981 49 269
v4 v6
AS20773 11 266
v4
AS8767 MNET-AS 57 254
v4 v6
AS44066 DE-FIRSTCOLO 19 248
v4 v6
AS61157 7 218
v4 v6
AS8501 PIONIER-AS 67 211
v4 v6
AS16097 HLKOMM 26 204
v4 v6
AS24940 HETZNER-AS 35 186
v4 v6
AS28725 59 184
v4 v6
AS42 WOODYNET-1 6 184
v4 v6
AS394354 CIRA-CLOUD2 5 181
v4 v6
AS139341 ACE-AS-AP 2 178
v4 v6
AS9145 42 175
v4 v6
AS6661 40 174
v4 v6
AS15600 20 170
v4 v6
AS25180 EXPONENTIAL-E-AS 54 160
v4 v6
AS49581 67 154
v6
AS12843 TELEMAXX 28 154
v4 v6
AS559 7 154
v4 v6
AS12337 NORIS-NETWORK 30 151
v4 v6
AS8648 ONE-NETWORK 8 145
v4 v6
AS54113 2 142
v4 v6
AS12731 IPHH 11 139
v4 v6
AS8426 CLARANET-AS 20 138
v4 v6
AS58243 12 133
v4 v6
AS8422 29 130
v4 v6
AS132203 2 129
v4
AS198967 5 121
v4 v6
AS9063 SAARGATE-AS 21 112
v4
AS8899 DEUTSCHE-GLASFASER 20 111
v4 v6
AS25394 27 107
v4
AS48314 IP-PROJECTS 11 106
v4 v6
AS15943 16 103
v4 v6

No rows match “”.

Showing of

Note:
These are observed adjacencies derived from BGP path data, not confirmed commercial relationships. A network appearing before another in an AS path does not establish that it is a paying transit customer, a settlement free peer, or anything else contractual. Adjacencies marked uncertain were seen only as direct peers of a route collector, so the collector's own peering may have created them.